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Sukh Jiwan Mal

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Sukh Jiwan Mal
Raja of Kashmir
ReignJune 1754 – October 1762
PredecessorPosition established
SuccessorPosition abolished
Prime MinisterAbu'l Hasan Bandey (1754–1757, 1758)
Mir Muqim Kanth (1757–1758)
Pandit Mahanand Dhar (1758–1762)
Governor of Kashmir
In office
1753 – June 1754
MonarchAhmad Shah Durrani
DeputyKhwaja Kijak Khan
Preceded byAbdullah Khan Kabuli
Succeeded byNur-ud-Din Khan Bamzai (1762)
Deputy Governor of Kashmir
In office
1752–1753
MonarchAhmad Shah Durrani
GovernorAbdullah Khan Kabuli
Preceded byAbdullah Khan Kabuli
Succeeded byKhwaja Kijak Khan
Personal details
Bornc. 1720
Kabul, Durrani Empire (Present-day Kabul, Afghanistan)
Died1762
Lahore, Durrani Empire (Present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Occupation
  • Soldier
  • officer
  • advisor
  • politician
ReligionHinduism
Military service
Allegiance Durrani Empire
Kingdom of Kashmir
Branch/service Durrani Army
Kashmiri Army
RankLieutenant
Faujdar
Naib-Sipahsalar
Subedar
Battles/wars

Sukh Jiwan Mal (Persian: سکھ جیون مل, romanizedSukh Jīwan Mal) was the Raja of Kashmir from 1754 to 1762. He rose from the rank of soldier to governor and then finally became a ruler. He was the last independent monarch of Kashmir.[1]

Early life

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Sukh Jivan Mal was born in Kabul (Afghanistan) to a Hindu Khatri family, with origins from the city of Bhera (Punjab).[2]

History

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Background

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Kashmir under Afghan rulers was in a bad state. Locals were tortured and killed during the reign of Afghans. The very first Afghan chief Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi appointed by Ahmad Shah Abdali would line up all Kashmiris whom he considered rich and would ask them to either part with their wealth or to face death. The Afghan army would often raid and loot common Kashmiri houses.[3]

Rise

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After the loot and plunder, Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi returned to Kabul leaving Kashmir under the charge of Abdullah Khan Kabuli. Kabuli appointed Sukh Jiwan as his chief advisor.[3] A local leader of the Kashmiri Muslims, Abu'l Hasan Bandey wanted to get rid of the cruel Afghan rulers.[1] Bandey convinced Sukh Jiwan to kill Kabuli and become independent. Subsequently, Kabuli was assassinated and Sukh Jiwan became the independent ruler after formally getting the title of Raja.[3]

Reign

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As the ruler of Kashmir, Sukh Jiwan appointed Bandey as his prime minister. As a retaliation, Ahmad Shah Abdali sent Khwaja Kijak and Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi to Kashmir. They were both defeated. In another occasion, Afghan prisoners of war were paraded in the streets with Kashmiri crowds spitting at them.[3] The locals of Kashmir were at large happy with the smooth and efficient administration but the happiness did not last very long. A destructive famine occurred in 1755 followed by locust attack. These natural calamities forced the locals to desperately eat dead locusts.[4] Sukh Jiwan distributed 80 lakh kg rice for free among the poor people.[1]

According to Schwartz, "Kashmir's only respite from economic and political pressures during the Afghan and Sikh rule occurred during the reign of Sukh Jiwan Mal, marked by a flowering of literacy activity attached to patronage." Sukh Jiwan held weekly symposiums to which he invited all the poets. He also employed poets to produce history of Kashmir in the style of Book of Kings.[5] Under the advice of Mahanand Dhar, Sukh Jiwan in order to facilitate his work imported many Khatri Hindus from Punjab to Kashmir.[6]

Defeat

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When force did not work, Abdali used wit to get control of Kashmir. He attempted to destroy the good relations between Sukh Jiwan and Bandey by putting a wedge against them. Taking advantage of this situation, Abdali sent an army led by Nur-ud-Din Khan Bamzai to Kashmir. A major portion of Raja Sukh Jiwan's army including his commander-in-chief Bakth Mal betrayed him.[7] Eventually, he was captured, blinded and sent to Abdali in Lahore where he was killed by throwing him under an elephant.[3]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Gupta, Hari Ram (October 2001). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0165-1.
  2. ^ Rashid, Abdur (1978). History of the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent, 1707-1806. Research Society of Pakistan.
  3. ^ a b c d e Jagmohan (15 November 2019). My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir (12th Edition_Reprint 2019). Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-93-85926-56-3.
  4. ^ Nanda, K. K. (1 January 2013). War With No Gains (Prabhat Prakashan). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-8430-241-7.
  5. ^ Schwartz, Schwartz Kevin L. (18 March 2020). Remapping Persian Literary History, 1700-1900. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-5087-4.
  6. ^ Suri, Inderjit Singh (2006). Lest We Forget: A History of Sikhs of Kashmir. Inderjit Singh.
  7. ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab, 1707-1793. Minerva book shop.