Jump to content

List of extinct animals of the British Isles

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also: List of endangered species of the British Isles and Extinct animals from the Isle of Man
Part of a series on the
Wildlife of Great Britain
Red grouse in Northumberland
Fauna
Invertebrates
Insects
Molluscs
Crustaceans
Vertebrates
Birds
Flora

This is a list of extinct animals of the British Isles, including extirpated species. Only a small number of the listed species are globally extinct (most famously the Irish elk, great auk and woolly mammoth). Most of the remainder survive to some extent outside the islands. The list includes introduced species only in cases where they were able to form self-sustaining colonies for a time. Only Pleistocene species, and specifically those extinct since the Ipswichian/Eemian interglacial (c. 130,000 – c. 115,000 before present (BP)), Devensian glaciation (c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 BP) or into the Holocene (c. 11,700 BP – present), are included (that is, the assemblage that can be approximately considered the 'modern' fauna which displays insular differences from the mainland European fauna). The date beside each species is the last date when a specimen was observed in the wild or, where this is not known, the approximate date of extinction.

Overview

[edit]

For most of its history, the British Isles were part of the main continent of Eurasia, linked by the region now known as Doggerland. Throughout the Pleistocene (Ice age) the climate alternated between cold glacial periods, including times when the climate was too cold to support much fauna, and temperate interglacials when a much larger fauna was present. Insularity first occurred around 125,000 BP, during the Ipswichian interglacial,[1] when a warming climate raised sea levels and flooded Doggerland. This temperate climate supported an assemblage of species characterised by straight-tusked elephant (Palaeodoxodon antiquus). Around 115,000 BP the climate began to cool again as the Devensian glaciation began. The temperate species began to go extinct locally (many survived in southern refugia elsewhere in Europe). With the cooling climate, the sea level fell and by 60,000 BP a land bridge reformed so new or returning species could repopulate Britain. The colder climate supported a biome favoured by woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius).[2] By around 20,000 BP the climate was so cold, with much of Britain under ice and the rest a polar desert, that little life could survive, and the glacial fauna also went extinct. The climate began to warm again around 11,700 BP, entering the present climatic period known as the Holocene. Animals repopulated Britain and Ireland. Many of the former species had gone extinct during the interval, but the majority of the surviving European temperate fauna, and some new immigrants, including modern humans (Homo sapiens), were able to reach Britain until the rising sea level once again isolated the islands. Great Britain was cut off from mainland Europe in around 8,200 BP by the Storegga Slide tsunami flooding Doggerland.[3]

Extinctions in Britain over the period have thus had three main causes:

  • Climate change as the ecosystem swung from temperate woodland and pasture, through open mammoth steppe to uninhabitable polar desert, and back.
  • Habitat loss brought about by human activities, such as the clearing of woodland or draining of marshland.
  • Hunting by humans.

It is important to remember that absence of evidence is not evidence of absence; the fossil record is always incomplete;[4] and many of the early dates are very approximate, since caves in Britain were often excavated before modern archaeological stratifications and dating techniques.[5][6]

Key

[edit]

† – A species that is globally extinct
* – A species that is known to have been introduced by humans and was never present by natural immigration.

Some animals have gone extinct several times and then recolonized. The date given is of the most recent extinction. Species that have been introduced or reintroduced by humans are noted.

Mammals

[edit]
Common name Species Order and family Extinction/extirpation date Notes and references
†Straight-tusked elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus Proboscidea: Elephantidae c. 115,000 BP Present during the Eemian interglacial,[7][8][5] survived elsewhere in Europe until around 40–30,000 years ago.
†Narrow-nosed rhinoceros Stephanorhinus hemitoechus Perissodactyla c. 115,000 BP Present during the Eemian interglacial,[9] survived elsewhere in Europe until around 40–30,000 years ago.
Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius Artiodactyla c. 115,000 BP Present during the Eemian/Ipswitchian interglacial[5][10]
†Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Proboscidea: Elephantidae c. 14,500–14,000 BP [11]
†Woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis Perissodactyla c. 35,000 BP[12] Survived elsewhere until at least 14,000 years ago
†Neanderthal Homo neanderthalensis Primates: Hominidae c. 50,000 BP Have left some genetic traces in modern humans.[6][13]
†Irish elk Megaloceros giganteus Artiodactyla c. 12,000 BP[14]
†Cave hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea Carnivora c. 32,000 BP Present in both Britain and Ireland.[5][15]
†Cave lion Panthera spelaea Carnivora c. 40,000 BP Survived elsewhere until 14–13,000 years ago.[16]
†Scimitar-toothed cat Homotherium latidens Carnivora c. 28,000 BP Only unambiguous Late Pleistocene remains are a single specimen from the southern North Sea dating to c. 28,000 years ago.[17]
†European Ice Age leopard Panthera pardus spelaea Carnivora c. 32,000 BP [5]
†Steppe bison Bison priscus Artiodactyla c. 28,000 BP[18]
Eurasian beaver Castor fiber Rodentia: Castoridae 1526 Reintroduced to Britain;[19][20] never known to have lived in Ireland[21]
Arctic lemming Dicrostonyx torquatus Rodentia c. 10,000 BP [5]
Steppe lemming Lagurus lagurus Rodentia c. 10,000 BP
*Coypu Myocastor coypus Rodentia 1978 Modern, introduced non-native; eradicated in Britain in 1978,[citation needed] introduced to Ireland in 2010.[citation needed]
*Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Rodentia 1937 Introduced, non-native; eradicated in 1937.[22]
Narrow-headed vole Microtus gregalis Rodentia c. 10,000 BP
Root vole Microtus oeconomus Rodentia c. 1,500 BC
Steppe pika Ochotona pusilla Lagomorpha c. 10,000 BP
Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus Carnivora c. 10,000 BP [5]
Brown bear Ursus arctos Carnivora c. 500 [23] c. 1000 – 500 BC in Ireland;[24] see Bears in Ireland
Polar bear Ursus maritimus Carnivora c. 18,000 BP [25]
Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx Carnivora c. 700 [26] or c. 1760[27] Subfossil evidence suggests an early medieval extinction, but a written record indicates persistence in Scotland into the late 18th century.[27]
Grey wolf Canis lupus Carnivora 1786/1888 1166/1888 in Wales, 1390/1888 in England, 1680/1888 in Scotland/Britain, 1786/1888 in Ireland;[28] see Wolves in Great Britain and Wolves in Ireland
Wolverine Gulo gulo Carnivora c. 11,000 BP[29]
Walrus Odobenus rosmarus Carnivora c. 1000 BC Extirpated as a breeder; occasional vagrant[30]
Greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis Chiroptera 1990 A solitary male was recorded at a single hibernation site in Sussex from 2002–2022.[31] In 2023 two individuals were recorded in Sussex.[32] Species is effectively extirpated, with no maternity sites found in the UK.
Wild horse Equus ferus ferus Perissodactyla c. 10,000 BP[33] Re-established proxy in the form of free-roaming domestic horses[34]
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus Artiodactyla c. 598 BC
Moose/elk Alces alces Artiodactyla c. 5600 BP[35]
*Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus Artiodactyla 1945 Non-native, introduced in England from escapees in early 20th century; exterminated by 1945[36][37]
Reindeer Rangifer tarandus Artiodactyla c. 11,000 BP[38] Extirpated in Ireland c. 7500 BC.[39][40][41]
Saiga antelope Saiga tatarica Artiodactyla c. 12,000 BP[18]
Muskox Ovibos moschatus Artiodactyla prior to 12000 BP[42][18]
†Aurochs Bos primigenius primigenius Artiodactyla c. 1000 BC Select breeds of free-roaming domestic cattle are used as an ecological proxy as part of some conservation grazing initiatives.[43]
Wild boar Sus scrofa Artiodactyla c. 1400 Reintroduced to Britain,[44] extirpated from Ireland.[45]

Birds

[edit]

Fish

[edit]

Amphibians

[edit]

Reptiles

[edit]

Insects

[edit]

Beetles

[edit]

Bees, wasps and ants

[edit]

Flies

[edit]

Butterflies and moths

[edit]

General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[63]

Dragonflies and damselflies

[edit]

Caddisflies

[edit]

Cicada

[edit]

Arachnids

[edit]

Crustaceans

[edit]

Molluscs

[edit]

Land snails

[edit]

Reintroduction and re-establishment

[edit]
Main article: Species reintroduction § Europe

The white-tailed eagle has been successfully re-established on the western coast of Scotland.[69] Having clung on in parts of Wales,[70] red kites have been successfully re-established in parts of England and Scotland.[71] Ongoing projects involve both these species: the corn crake into parts of England and Scotland, and the great bustard on Salisbury Plain.

European beavers have been reintroduced to parts of Scotland, and there are plans to bring them back to other parts of Britain. A five-year trial reintroduction at Knapdale in Argyll started in 2009 and concluded in 2014.[72] A few hundred beavers live wild in the Tay river basin, as a result of escapes from a wildlife park.[73] A similar reintroduction trial is being undertaken on the river otter in Devon, England.[74] Also, around the country, beavers have been introduced into fenced reserves for many reasons including flood prevention.[75] In 2016, beavers were recognised as a British native species, and will be protected under law.[76]

In 2008, Eurasian elk were released into a fenced reserve on the Alladale Estate in the Highlands of Scotland. Reindeer were re-established in 1952; approximately 150–170 reindeer live around the Cairngorms region in Scotland.

Set up by the Wildwood Trust, Konik horses have been established across many reserves as a proxy for the extinct tarpan.[77]

In 1998, MAFF, now known as DEFRA released a report concerning the presence of two populations of wild boar living freely in the UK.[78] These boar are thought to have escaped from wildlife parks, zoos and from farms where they are farmed for their meat, and gone on to establish breeding populations.[79][80]

Around 20 white storks pass through the UK each year.[81] A colony at the Knepp Wildland in West Sussex, aided by zoologist Roisin Campbell-Palmer, hopes to reinforce these off-path migrants by introducing adults into a fenced reserve, where the juveniles born will be able to establish other colonies further afield.[82]

The northern clade of the pool frog was reintroduced from Swedish stock in 2005, to a single site in Norfolk, England, following detailed research to prove that it had been native before its extinction around 1993.

Smaller species, mainly reptiles, such as the green lizard and Aesculapian snake, have formed colonies probably due to a result of release from captivity.[83] There have also been calls for the return of the European tree frog to the wild.[84]

Established in 2020, Celtic Reptile & Amphibian, aims to reintroduce the lost species of reptile and amphibian that once inhabited Britain, back to rewilding projects.[85] These include the moor frog, European tree frog, agile frog and European pond turtle.[86] They have already had significant success breeding the moor frog in captivity.[87][88] The organisation also wants to see European pond turtles re-established within wetland restoration projects.[89]

The large blue butterfly has been successfully re-established from Swedish stock at several sites, but very few of these are open-access. There are also several successful cases of the establishment of new populations of heath fritillary.

There have been calls for the reintroduction of the Eurasian lynx, brown bear and grey wolf to the UK, because no large predators are living in viable populations in Great Britain. It is theorized that a large predators presence could create a trophic cascade,[90] thus improving the ecosystem.[91]

There are plans to reintroduce European bison into England in spring 2022. The initial reintroduction would consist of one male and three females being released into a 150-hectare area with no accessible footpaths.[92]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The making of an island". Natural History Museum.
  2. ^ Stuart, A. J. (1995). "Insularity and Quaternary vertebrate faunas in Britain and Ireland". In Preece, R. C. (ed.). Island Britain: a Quaternary perspective. Geological Society Special Publication No. 96. pp. 111–125.
  3. ^ "Bernhard Weninger et al., The catastrophic final flooding of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide tsunami, Documenta Praehistorica XXXV, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-01. Retrieved 2019-12-10.
  4. ^ Flannery, Tim (2018). Europe: The First 100 Million Years. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0141989037.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Yalden, D. (1999), History of British Mammals, London: T. & A.D. Poyser Ltd., ISBN 978-0-85661-110-0
  6. ^ a b Kurten, Bjorn (1968). Plesitocene Mammals of Europe. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  7. ^ Gascoyne, M.; Currant, A. P.; Lord, T. C. (1981). "Ipswichian fauna of Victoria Cave and the marine palaeoclimatic record". Nature. 294 (5842): 652–654. Bibcode:1981Natur.294..652G. doi:10.1038/294652a0. S2CID 4336223.
  8. ^ Stuart, A. J. (1986). "Pleistocene occurrence of hippopotamus in Britain". Quartärpaläontologie. 6: 209–218. doi:10.1515/9783112652565-023. ISBN 9783112652565.
  9. ^ G. Lewis, Simon; Ashton, Nick; Jacobi, Roger (2011), "Testing Human Presence During the Last Interglacial (MIS 5e): A Review of the British Evidence", Developments in Quaternary Sciences, vol. 14, Elsevier, pp. 125–164, doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53597-9.00009-1, ISBN 978-0-444-53597-9, retrieved 2024-06-26
  10. ^ Franks, J.W. (1960). "Interglacial deposits at Trafalgar Square, London". The New Phytologist. 59 (2): 145–150. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1960.tb06212.x. JSTOR 2429192.
  11. ^ Lister, Adrian M. (2009). "Late-glacial mammoth skeletons (Mammuthus primigenius) from Condover (Shropshire, UK): anatomy, pathology, taphonomy and chronological significance". Geological Journal. 44 (4): 447–479. Bibcode:2009GeolJ..44..447L. doi:10.1002/gj.1162. S2CID 84944458.
  12. ^ Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (2012). "Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 51: 1–17. Bibcode:2012QSRv...51....1S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.007. ISSN 0277-3791.
  13. ^ "First Britons". Natural History Museum.
  14. ^ Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J. (January 2019). "The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence". Quaternary International. 500: 185–203. Bibcode:2019QuInt.500..185L. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.025.
  15. ^ "database matches". Fossilworks. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023.
  16. ^ Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (August 2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea". Quaternary Science Reviews. 30 (17–18): 2329–2340. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023.
  17. ^ Reumer, Jelle W. F.; Rook, Lorenzo; Van Der Borg, Klaas; Post, Klaas; Mol, Dick; De Vos, John (11 April 2003). "Late Pleistocene survival of the saber-toothed cat Homotherium in northwestern Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (1): 260–262. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[260:LPSOTS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 140187064.
  18. ^ a b c Yalden, D. W. (2007-03-29), "Zoological Perspectives on the Late Glacial", Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags in European Context, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199299171.003.0010, ISBN 978-0-19-929917-1, retrieved 2024-07-20
  19. ^ Begum, Tammana (7 April 2021). "Record numbers of beavers are being introduced to the UK". The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  20. ^ "Beaver reintroduction in the UK". The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  21. ^ "The Case for Beavers in Ireland". The Irish Wildlife Trust. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  22. ^ "Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus". GB Non Native Species Secretariat. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  23. ^ "Lost history of brown bears in Britain revealed". BBC News. July 4, 2018.
  24. ^ "Bears". 9 November 2019.
  25. ^ "Mystery of the polar bear whose remains were found in Scotland". The Independent. March 8, 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  26. ^ "About the lynx". lynxuk.org.
  27. ^ a b Raye, Lee (2021). "An 18th century reference to a Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Scotland"" (PDF). Mammal Communications. 7. doi:10.59922/XHXV2212.
  28. ^ Hickey, Kieran R. (2000). "A geographical perspective on the decline and extermination of the Irish wolf canis lupus—an initial assessment" (PDF). Irish Geography. 33 (2): 185–198. doi:10.1080/00750770009478590. ISSN 0075-0778. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-07.
  29. ^ Coard, R.; Chamberlain, A. T. (April 1999). "The nature and timing of faunal change in the British Isles across the Pleistocene/Holocene transition". The Holocene. 9 (3): 372–376. Bibcode:1999Holoc...9..372C. doi:10.1191/095968399672435429. ISSN 0959-6836.
  30. ^ "Walrus basks in Orkney attention". BBC News. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  31. ^ "Greater mouse-eared bat". People's Trust for Endangered Species. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  32. ^ "Greater mouse-eared bat population doubles - to 2! "This is a hugely important discovery"". Bat Conservation Trust. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  33. ^ Sommer, Robert S.; Benecke, Norbert; Lõugas, Lembi; Nelle, Oliver; Schmölcke, Ulrich (November 2011). "Holocene survival of the wild horse in Europe: a matter of open landscape?". Journal of Quaternary Science. 26 (8): 805–812. Bibcode:2011JQS....26..805S. doi:10.1002/jqs.1509. ISSN 0267-8179.
  34. ^ "Wildwood Trust: Wildwood's horses roaming free in Wales". wildwoodtrust.org. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  35. ^ Schmölcke, U.; Zachos, F.E. (November 2005). "Holocene distribution and extinction of the moose (Alces alces, Cervidae) in Central Europe". Mammalian Biology. 70 (6): 329–344. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2005.08.001.
  36. ^ William Ling Taylor (1939). "The distribution of wild deer in England and Wales". Journal of Animal Ecology. 8 (1): 6–9. Bibcode:1939JAnEc...8....6T. doi:10.2307/1249. JSTOR 1249.
  37. ^ Long, John L. (2003). "Artiodactyla". Introduced Mammals of the World: their History, Distribution and Influence. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 361–534. ISBN 9780643099166.
  38. ^ Sommer, Robert S.; Kalbe, Johannes; Ekström, Jonas; Benecke, Norbert; Liljegren, Ronnie (February 2014). Svenning, Jens-Christian (ed.). "Range dynamics of the reindeer in Europe during the last 25,000 years". Journal of Biogeography. 41 (2): 298–306. Bibcode:2014JBiog..41..298S. doi:10.1111/jbi.12193. ISSN 0305-0270.
  39. ^ "Are there any reindeer in Ireland?". independent. 11 December 2013.
  40. ^ Blackwell, Amy Hackney (December 18, 2010). The Myths, Legends, and Lore of Ireland. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781440509247 – via Google Books.
  41. ^ "Ancient Ireland – Prehistory, Archaeology, Paleogeography, Geology". sites.rootsweb.com.
  42. ^ Markova, A.K.; Puzachenko, A.Yu.; van Kolfschoten, T.; Kosintsev, P.A.; Kuznetsova, T.V.; Tikhonov, A.N.; Bachura, O.P.; Ponomarev, D.V.; van der Plicht, J.; Kuitems, M. (August 2015). "Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) and the extinct bison (Bison priscus) during the last 50 ka BP". Quaternary International. 378: 99–110. Bibcode:2015QuInt.378...99M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.020.
  43. ^ "Conservation grazing". National Trust. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  44. ^ "Wild Boar in Britain". www.britishwildboar.org.uk. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  45. ^ Keuling, O. & Leus, K. 2019. Sus scrofa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T41775A44141833. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41775A44141833.en. Downloaded on 26 August 2021.
  46. ^ "Dalmatian pelican seen 'for first time' in UK at Land's End". BBC News. May 11, 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  47. ^ Derek Yalden; Umberto Albarella (2008). The History of British Birds. OUP. ISBN 978-0199217519.
  48. ^ "Spoonbills return to breed in the UK after 300 years". The Independent. 27 August 2000. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  49. ^ Bill Teale (2016-09-17). "Birdwatch: Rare appearance from Kentish plover". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
  50. ^ "Reintroductions". Knepp Wildland. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  51. ^ "Eagle owls – are they making a comeback in Britain? – Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust". www.gwct.org.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  52. ^ a b c Charles Snell (2006). "Status of the common tree frog in Britain". British Wildlife. 17 (3): 153–160.
  53. ^ a b Identifying Ranid urostyle, ilial and anomalous bones from a 15th century London well Charles A. Snell
  54. ^ "Agile frog population rises following conservation efforts". BBC News. May 24, 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  55. ^ Naish, Darren. Britain's lost tree frogs: sigh, not another 'neglected native'. 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  56. ^ "Blue Moor Frog Once Again Seen in the UK After 700 Years in Time for Mating Season". The Science Times. April 7, 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  57. ^ "Species feared extinct as Lucky the pool frog dies". The Independent. 1999-01-14. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  58. ^ "Breaking New Ground – Northern clade pool frog reintroduction project". The Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  59. ^ Kristensen, Hans; Rasmussen, Arne; Allentoft, Morten; Allentoft, Morten E.; Rasmussen, Arne Redsted; Kristensen, Hans Viborg (March 2018). "Centuries-Old DNA from an Extinct Population of Aesculapian Snake (Zamenis longissimus) Offers New Phylogeographic Insight" (PDF). Diversity. 10 (1): 14. doi:10.3390/d10010014.
  60. ^ "Darren Naish: Tetrapod Zoology: Hunting Green lizards in Dorset: new aliens or old natives?". Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  61. ^ a b c Bumblebee superfacts, BugLife, archived from the original on March 5, 2012, retrieved January 23, 2013
  62. ^ Macadam, C. (2022). "Poecilobothrus majesticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T123671476A123674314. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T123671476A123674314.en. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  63. ^ Waring, P.; et al. (2009), Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland, Hook, Hampshire: British Wildlife Publishing, ISBN 978-0953139996; "UKMoths | Guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland", UK Moths, Ian Kimber, retrieved January 23, 2013
  64. ^ Tilbury, Christine (March 2007), Gypsy Moth Advisory Note (PDF), Forest Research: Tree Health Division, retrieved 6 February 2014
  65. ^ Patrick Barkham (8 July 2022). "Officially extinct butterfly 'making a comeback' in UK". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  66. ^ "Viper's Bugloss Hadena irregularis – UK Moths", UK Moths, Ian Kimber, retrieved January 23, 2013
  67. ^ Gilbert Van Stappen (1996), "Artemia", in Patrick Lavens & Patrick Sorgeloos (ed.), Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, vol. 361, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, pp. 79–106, ISBN 978-92-5-103934-2
  68. ^ Geoffrey Fryer (2006), "The brine shrimp's tale: a topsy turvy evolutionary fable", Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 88 (3): 377–382, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00623.x
  69. ^ George Monbiot (15 July 2015). "15 species that should be brought back to rewild Britain". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  70. ^ "Red Kite Conservation". The RSPB. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  71. ^ "The RSPB: Red kite". The RSPB. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  72. ^ "Commissioned Report No. 685 The Scottish Beaver Trial: Ecological monitoring of the European beaver Castor fiber and other riparian mammals 2009–2014, final report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  73. ^ "Tay Beavers Origin". Scottish Wild Beavers. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  74. ^ "River Otter Beaver Trial – Devon Wildlife Trust". www.devonwildlifetrust.org. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  75. ^ "Cornwall Beaver Project | Cornwall Wildlife Trust". www.cornwallwildlife.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  76. ^ Carrell, Severin (24 November 2016). "Beavers given native species status after reintroduction to Scotland". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  77. ^ "Wild horses help restore moorland". BBC News. 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  78. ^ "Feral wild boar in England Status, impact and management A report on behalf of Defra European Wildlife Division" (PDF). National Archives. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  79. ^ "Feral wild boar in England Status, impact and management A report on behalf of Defra European Wildlife Division" (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  80. ^ "Wild Boar". The British Association for Shooting and Conservation. BASC. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  81. ^ Crisp, Wil (2018-07-07). "White storks to breed in Britain for the first time in 600 years". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  82. ^ "White Storks". Knepp Wildland. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  83. ^ "Non-native reptiles". The Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust. July 2016. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  84. ^ "Can Britain's long lost tree frogs bounce back?". The Independent. 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  85. ^ "'Who doesn't love a turtle?' The teenage boys on a mission – to rewild Britain with reptiles". The Guardian. 2021-01-10. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  86. ^ "Guest blog by Celtic Reptile and Amphibian – Mark Avery". markavery.info. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  87. ^ Horton, Helena (2021-04-06). "Frog turns blue for first time in 700 years amid calls for rare amphibians to be reintroduced to Britain". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  88. ^ Davis, Margaret (2021-04-07). "Blue Moor Frog Once Again Seen in the UK After 700 Years in Time for Mating Season". Science Times. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  89. ^ Griffiths, Sarah. "Can a long-lost turtle help to restore Britain's wetlands?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  90. ^ Britain, Rewilding. "Wolf". Rewilding Britain. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  91. ^ "Call for lynx and wolf reintroduction". BBC News. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  92. ^ Carrington, Damian (2020-07-10). "Wild bison to return to UK for first time in 6,000 years". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-07-10.

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_extinct_animals_of_the_British_Isles&oldid=1265541257"