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Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler

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First page of the political testament

Adolf Hitler, chancellor and dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945, signed his political testament and his private will in the Führerbunker on 29 April 1945, the day before he committed suicide with his wife, Eva Braun.

The political testament consisted of two parts. In the first, Mein politisches Testament, Hitler denied charges of warmongering, expressed his thanks to Germany's loyal citizens, and appealed to them to continue the struggle. In the second, he declared Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring to be traitors, and set out his plan for a new government under Karl Dönitz. Hitler's secretary Traudl Junge recalled that he was reading from notes as he dictated the testament, and it is believed that Joseph Goebbels helped him write it.

Both the Political Testament and the Private Will and Personal Testament of Adolf Hitler were dictated to Junge during the last days of Hitler's life and signed on 29 April 1945. These artifacts are not to be confused with an entirely different—and controversial—document known as The Testament of Adolf Hitler.[a]

Will

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The last will was a short document signed on 29 April at 04:00.[3] It acknowledged his marriage—but does not name Eva Braun—and that they choose death over disgrace of deposition or capitulation; and that their bodies were to be cremated.[4] The will divided up Hitler's belongings as follows:[5]

  • His art collection is left to "a gallery in my home town of Linz on the Danube;"[6]
  • Objects of "sentimental value or necessary for the maintenance of a modest simple life" went to "brothers and sisters," Eva Braun's mother and his "faithful co-workers" such as his "old secretaries" and housekeeper Mrs. [Anni] Winter; however, he also required that his chief private secretary Martin Bormann be the one who was "permitted to take out everything that has a sentimental value or is necessary for the maintenance of a modest simple life" for these people as well.[7]
  • Whatever else of value was to be given to the Nazi Party, and then, should the party no longer exist, to the State.[6] Should the State also be destroyed, "no further decision of mine is necessary."[7]

Bormann was nominated as the will's executor and was also "given full legal authority to make all decisions."[7] The will was witnessed by Bormann, Goebbels,[7] and Colonel Nicolaus von Below.[8]

Testament

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The last political testament was signed at the same time as Hitler's last will, 04:00 on 29 April 1945.[3] It was in two parts. The first part of the testament talked of his motivations in the three decades since volunteering in World War I, repeated his claim that neither he "nor anyone else in Germany wanted the war in 1939," stated his reasons for his intention to commit suicide, and praised and expressed his thanks to the German people for their support and achievements.[9] Also included in the first testament are statements detailing his claim that he tried to avoid war with other states and attributed responsibility for it to "international Jewry and its helpers."[10] He would not "forsake Berlin [...] even though the forces were too small to hold out." Hitler expressed his intent to choose death rather than "fall into the hands of enemies" and "the masses" in need of "a spectacle arranged by Jews."[11] He concluded with a call to continue the "sacrifice" and "struggle."[11] He expressed hope for a renaissance of the National Socialist movement with the realisation of a "true people's community (Volksgemeinschaft)."[10]

The second part of his testament lays out Hitler's intentions for the German government and the Nazi Party after his death and details who was to succeed him. He expelled Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring from the party and dismissed him from all of his state offices. He also cancelled the 1941 decree naming Göring as his successor in the event of his death. To replace him, Hitler named Großadmiral Karl Dönitz as President of the Reich and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.[12] Reichsführer-SS and Interior Minister Heinrich Himmler was also expelled from the party and dismissed from all of his state offices for attempting to negotiate peace with the western Allies without Hitler's "knowledge" and against permission.[11] Hitler declared both Himmler and Göring to be traitors.[13]

Hitler appointed the following as the new Cabinet and what he saw as the new leaders of the German nation:[14]

Witnessed by Goebbels, Bormann, General Wilhelm Burgdorf, and General Hans Krebs.[3]

On the afternoon of 30 April, about a day and a half after he signed his last will and testament, Hitler and Braun committed suicide.[15] Within the next two days, Goebbels, Burgdorf, and Krebs also committed suicide. Bormann's fate was unknown for decades,[16] but the positive identification of his remains in 1998[17] indicated that he died fleeing on 2 May 1945 to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army forces encircling Berlin.[18]

Authorship

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In his book The Bunker, James O'Donnell, after comparing the wording of Hitler's last testament to the writings and statements of both Hitler and Goebbels, concluded that Goebbels was at least partly responsible for helping Hitler write it. Junge stated that Hitler was reading from notes when he dictated the testament after midnight on 29 April.[19]

History of the documents

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Three messengers were assigned to take the will and political testament out of the besieged Führerbunker to ensure their presence for posterity. The first messenger was deputy press attaché Heinz Lorenz. He was arrested by the British while travelling under an alias as a journalist from Luxembourg. He revealed the existence of two more copies and messengers: Willy Johannmeyer, Hitler's army adjutant, and Bormann's adjutant SS-Standartenführer Wilhelm Zander. Zander was using the pseudonym "Friedrich Wilhelm Paustin" to travel, and was shortly apprehended along with Johannmeyer in the American zone of occupation. Thus, two copies of the papers ended up in American hands, and one set in British hands. The texts of the documents were published widely in the American and British press by January 1946 but British Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, considered restricting access to these documents. He feared they might become cult objects among the Germans. Since they were public knowledge already, the Americans did not share these concerns but nonetheless agreed to refrain from further publication of them. Hitler's testament and his marriage certificate were presented to US President Harry S. Truman. One set was placed on public display at the National Archives in Washington for several years.[20]

Hitler's original last will and testament is currently housed in the security vault of the National Archives at College Park in Maryland.[b]

Aftermath

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All four witnesses to the political testament died shortly afterwards. Goebbels and his wife committed suicide. Burgdorf and Krebs committed suicide together on the night of 1/2 May in the bunker. Bormann's exact time and place of death remain uncertain; his remains were discovered near the site of the bunker in 1972 and identified by DNA analysis in 1998. He probably died the same night trying to escape from the Führerbunker.[c]

In the Flensburg Government of Hitler's appointed successor as Reichspräsident Dönitz, the depositions of Albert Speer and Franz Seldte were ignored (or the two ministers quickly reinstated). Neither former incumbent Joachim von Ribbentrop nor Hitler's appointee, Seyß-Inquart, held the post of Foreign Minister. The post was given to Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, who after Goebbels' suicide temporarily became the Leading Minister of the German Reich (Head of Cabinet, post equivalent to Chancellor). He declined the position a day later.[23]

All three of Hitler's "old secretaries", who were named in the will as being among the co-workers who could inherit some of his belongings,[7] were caught and arrested. Johanna Wolf and Christa Schroeder would be arrested in May 1945 and Gerda Christian in March 1946.[24][25] Hitler's youngest secretary Traudl Junge, who typed Hitler's testaments,[26] was arrested in June 1945.[27]

In 1952, Hitler's sister Paula tried to claim her inheritance from the will, but was unsuccessful because Hitler had yet to be legally declared dead.[28]

References

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Informational notes

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  1. ^ The Testament of Adolf Hitler consists of alleged recordings made by Reichsleiter Martin Bormann from Hitler's bunker in Berlin; it purports to be a continuation of the widely published table talks Hitler conducted during the course of the war. Biographers Joachim Fest and Alan Bullock—as well as other historians—have taken them as legitimate, but their authenticity is questioned by a considerable number of scholars, not the least of which includes Ian Kershaw, who refused to reference them in his authoritative work on Hitler.[1] On this, also see Kershaw.[2]
  2. ^ A three-part article chronicling how the documents came into the possession of the Allies can be found at the National Archives' webpage.[21]
  3. ^ Martin Bormann—in one of the 10 groups attempting to escape from the bunker complex—managed to cross the Spree. He was reported to have died a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge, his body was seen and identified by Artur Axmann who followed the same route.[22]

Citations

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  1. ^ Nilsson 2018, pp. 871–891.
  2. ^ Kershaw 2001, pp. 1024–1025, fn 121.
  3. ^ a b c Kershaw 2008, p. 950.
  4. ^ McDonough 2021, pp. 566–567.
  5. ^ Hitler 1945a.
  6. ^ a b McDonough 2021, p. 566.
  7. ^ a b c d e International Military Tribunal 2019, pp. 259–260.
  8. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 948, 950.
  9. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 948.
  10. ^ a b Hitler 1945b.
  11. ^ a b c Kershaw 2008, p. 949.
  12. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 949, 950.
  13. ^ Evans 2008, p. 724.
  14. ^ Hitler 1945b; NS-Archiv
  15. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 953–955.
  16. ^ Whiting 1996, pp. 98–99, 101, 127, 144.
  17. ^ Miller 2006, p. 154.
  18. ^ Lang 1979, p. 417.
  19. ^ Kershaw 2008, p. 946.
  20. ^ Eckert 2012, pp. 46–47.
  21. ^ Bradsher 2016.
  22. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 383.
  23. ^ Hillmann & Zimmermann 2014, p. 45–50.
  24. ^ O'Donnell 1978, pp. 271, 274, 291.
  25. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, pp. 281, 291, 293.
  26. ^ Beevor 2002, pp. 343, 344.
  27. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, pp. 290–291.
  28. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 10.

Bibliography

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  • Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
  • Bradsher, Greg (2016). "The Search for Hitler's Political Testament, Personal Will, and Marriage Certificate". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  • Eckert, Astrid M. (2012). The Struggle for the Files. The Western Allies and the Return of German Archives after the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0521880183.
  • Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.
  • Hillmann, Jörg; Zimmermann, John (2014) [2002]. "Die »Reichsregierung« in Flensburg" [The "Government" in Flensburg]. Kriegsende 1945 in Deutschland (in German). Munich: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 47. ISBN 9783486833324.
  • Hitler, Adolf (1945a). My Private Will and Testament .
  • Hitler, Adolf (1945b). My Political Testament .
  • International Military Tribunal (2019) [1946]. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Vol. VI. Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-1-64594-028-9.
  • Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, The Evidence, The Truth. Translated by Helmut Bölger. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.
  • Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-39304-994-7.
  • Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
  • Lang, Jochen von (1979). The Secretary. Martin Bormann: The Man Who Manipulated Hitler. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-50321-9.
  • McDonough, Frank (2021). The Hitler Years: Disaster, 1940–1945. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-25027-512-7.
  • Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. ISBN 978-93-297-0037-2.
  • Nilsson, Michael (2018). "Constructing a Pseudo-Hitler? The question of the authenticity of Hitlers politisches Testament". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire. 26 (5): 871–891. doi:10.1080/13507486.2018.1532983. S2CID 149705671.
  • O'Donnell, James Preston (1978). The Bunker: The History of the Reich Chancellery Group. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25719-7.
  • Whiting, Charles (1996) [1973]. The Hunt for Martin Bormann: The Truth. London: Pen & Sword. ISBN 0-85052-527-6.
  • "NS-Archiv: Adolf Hitler, Die Testamente". NS-Archiv (in German). Retrieved 5 June 2019.—The German version of the testament includes the fifteen other names only noted as "Here follow fifteen others" in the English translation published by the U.S. Government.
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